Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement means starting or adding something good, something the dog likes or enjoys. Because the dog wants to gain that good thing again, it will repeat the behavior that seems to cause that consequence.

Examples
The dolphin gets a fish for doing a trick. The dog gets a piece of liver for returning when called. The child gets dessert for eating the vegetable.

Reinforcing quiet behaviors
This may seem unusual, but start to reward your dog for doing "nothing", like lay quietly beside you, or any calm quiet relaxing behavior. These will increase and over time, you will have calmed your dogs behavior which can make handlind your dog so much easier. You can also benefit from practicing calming behavior around your dog. Hyperactive behavior may be learned through 'hyperactive' playing with your puppy. Hyperactivity may also be caused by reactions to some foods or food additives.

Variable reinforcement
All dog behavior is in a state of constant change. So after you have taught your dog a wanted behavior, you need to reinforce that behavior once in a while to keep it as you want it, otherwise it may start to change. It is always better to reward wanted dog behavior.
The use of different rewards to vary the reinforcement your dog earns is a powerful tool in increasing wanted dog behavior.

Negative Reinforcement
If dog behavior increases when followed by the removal of something - threatening objects, loud noises, choke-chains, stop the ear pinch, we call this negative reinforcement.
Dominant aggressive dog behavior is negative reinforcement. Moving away and avoiding the dog owner is often a dogs negative reinforcement to a perceived threat.

Positive Punishment
Dog behaviors are usually motivated by the expectation for some reward, and even with a punishment, the motivation of the reward is often still there.
The timing of a positive punishment must be exquisite. It must correspond exactly with the behavior for it to have an effect. If you catch your dog chewing on the furniture and you hit him when he comes to you, you are suppressing coming to you.
Punishments never should be associated with the person supplying them, but with the “punishing object”. The dog what was hit after chewing on the furniture may still chew on the furniture, but he certainly will not do it when you are around!
Better moisten your furniture with vinegar, dogs hate this taste. See more tricks to stop unwanted behavior

Negative Punishment and corrections
If you apply any negative or punishing corrections, you start to destroy the bond between you and your dog. The use of punishment to stop unwanted dog behavior does nothing to address the cause of the behavior; it does however suppress the dogs behavior. Ever increasing levels of punishment may be needed to maintain that suppression. Remove the cause of the unwanted dog behavior not the symptoms.
Another risk of punishment is that of 'displacement' behavior, usually this is far worse than the behavior being punished, and it is unpredictable. Moreover, punishment can increase fear and cause aggressive and dominant dog behavior.